In analyses of the subgroup without pica, increases in GI symptoms were still evident in the ASD and DD groups compared to POP group. In the DD group, pica was associated with constipation (1.4 ) and pain on stooling (1.8 ).
Results Within each group (ASD, DD, POP) and for the total sample, pica was associated with vomiting (aPR for total sample 2.6 ), diarrhea (1.8 ), and loose stools (1.8 ). Prevalence ratios, adjusted for sociodemographic factors (aPRs), and 95% confidence intervals were derived from modified Poisson regression. Data to define final case-control status, pica, and GI symptoms were from standardized developmental assessments/questionnaires. Methods Our sample included children with ASD (n = 1244), other DDs (n = 1593), and population (POP) controls (n = 1487). Objective/Hypothesis We assessed associations between pica and GI symptoms in preschool-aged children with and without ASD and other (non-ASD) DDs in the Study to Explore Early Development. Study of the inter-relationship between pica, GI symptoms, and ASD/DD is limited. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities (DDs) are disproportionately affected by both pica and GI symptoms. These findings inform the specialized health care needs of these children.Ībstract: Background Pica, the repeated ingestion of nonfood items, can result in gastrointestinal (GI) outcomes. Between-group differences remained after adjustment (adjusted prevalence ratio range 1.9–8.0, all P CONCLUSIONS: Pica may be common in young children with ASD, ASD characteristics, and ID. RESULTS: Compared with the prevalence of pica among POPs (3.5%), pica was higher in children with ASD (23.2%) and DD (8.4%), and in the following subgroups: ASD with ID (28.1%), ASD without ID (14.0%), DD with ID (9.7%), DD with ASD characteristics (12.0%), and DD with both ID and ASD characteristics (26.3%) however, pica prevalence was not elevated in children with DD with neither ID nor ASD characteristics (3.2%). We examined pica prevalence in each group and compared ASD and DD groups and subgroups to the POP group using prevalence ratios adjusted for sociodemographic factors. Standardized developmental assessments and/or questionnaires were used to define final study groups, subgroups, and pica. We subdivided the ASD group according to whether children had ID and the DD group according to whether they had ID and/or some ASD characteristics.
METHODS: Our sample from the Study to Explore Early Development, a multisite case-control study, included children with ASD (n = 1426), children with other developmental disabilities (DDs) (n = 1735), and general population-based controls (POPs) (n = 1578).
We assessed pica in children 30 to 68 months of age (median = 55.4 months) with and without ASD. Although case reports describe pica in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or intellectual disability (ID), there has been little systematic study of pica prevalence. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pica, the repeated ingestion of nonfood items, can be life-threatening.
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